March 2005
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and DS
by Dr. Len Leshin, MD, FAAP
Why is this important? Well, first, there's the obvious problem of the child not getting enough quality sleep and the behavioral effects that brings. Second, I've mentioned above that during sleep apnea, the oxygenation of the blood decreases. It has been shown that in children with DS and heart disease this low oxygenation causes an increase in the blood pressure in the lungs as the body tries to get more oxygen. This "pulmonary hypertension" can cause the right side of the heart to become enlarged and other cardiac complications can follow. The incidence of death due to OSA is unknown.
If you're unsure if your child has OSA, the way to test is through a sleep study, also called polysomnography. This test is performed overnight in a hospital (though some doctors will do "nap somnography") and consists of continuous monitoring of the oxygen in the blood, as well as monitoring chest wall movements (to assess respiratory efforts) and the flow of air through the nose. Some doctors also measure carbon dioxide in the blood or exhaled air. This is usually performed by otolaryngologists or neonatologists.
The treatment of OSA is usually removal of adenoids and/or tonsils. Various studies have been done on children with DS, and this appears to relieve OSA in most cases. However, it has been estimated that 30 to 40% of children with DS and OSA develop recurrent or persistant OSA even after removal of the tonsils and adenoids. There are several different reasons for this, including a large tongue, blockage of the airway by movement of the tongue during sleep, low muscle tone of the area of the airway just below the throat, and regrowth of the adenoids. When there is some concern regarding the effectiveness of the initial surgery, then post-surgical polysomnography is needed to document the OSA. Some centers are now using a type of MRI that takes sequential pictures of the airway while the child or adult is asleep to evaluate possible causes for persistant or recurrent OSA, and basing further surgery on those results; this is described in more detail in this study.
In adults and children in whom surgical treatment has failed or was not indicated, one therapy is "continuous positive airway pressure," or CPAP. This is administered by a nasal mask or tube during sleep. The tube/mask administers air with an amount of pressure designed to keep the airway open.
One final note about adenotonsillectomies in children with DS: this should not be considered day surgery. Studies have shown that after T&A's, children with DS have longer periods of decreased oxygenation and a slower time to recovery.
References:
Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome. Marcus CL et al. Pediatrics 88(1):132-139, 1991.
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in patients with Down syndrome. Bower CM & Richmond D. Int J Ped Otorhinolayngol 33:141-148, 1995.
Sleep-disordered breathing and behavior in three risk groups: preliminary findings from parental reports. Carskadon MA et al. Child's Nerv Syst 9:452-457, 1993.
Upper airway obstruction in children with Down syndrome. Jacobs IN et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head neck Surg 122:945-950, 1996.
Down syndrome: Identification and surgical management of obstructive sleep apnea. Lefaivre J et al. Plastic Reconstr Surg 99(3):629-637, 1997.
Causes of persistent obstructive sleep apnea despite previous tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children with Down syndrome as depicted on static and dynamic cine MRI. Donnelly LF, Shott SR, LaRose CR, Chini BA, Amin RS. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183(1):175-81, July 2004.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants and Children, Carroll JC and Loughlin, in Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine in the Child (pp163-216), ed. by Ferber R & Kryger M. WB Saunders, 1995.